Ottoman and Safavid Empires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Footrest and Safavid Empires - Essay Example Powerbase The strong powerbase is a significant factor that legitimized the standard of the Ottoman and Safavid domains. They owed quite a bit of their capacity to the domain made by the Mongols already just as the political foundations that took into consideration the accomplishment of the military support state wherein government worked like an extraordinary military family that fill in as defender of the nation and its way of life. The Ottoman Empire is the more prominent recipient of these Mongol heritages. Regardless, what can be seen here is that the predominant world of politics was at that point steady, orderly and powerful. All it took was solid authority to exploit all the approach organize accessible just as the presence of a compelling administration that has been set up some time before. This last factor is especially useful on account of frail Sultan who is unequipped for ensuring his subjects without anyone else. The administration expected extraordinary powers and bro ught together position that a feeble pioneer could lead just adequately, taking position and force from the numerous parts of his administration (Karpat 2002, 400) Holy Mandate Another significant legitimizing power for the powerbase of the Ottoman and the Safavid realms was religion - the Islamic qualities and laws. ... The Safavids additionally profited by religion as such. Actually, Islam is their essential case to power. The essential authority of the Safavid rulers depended on the case that the they were relatives of the seventh imam, and along these lines were semi divine people (Lapidus 2002, 445). In contrast to the Ottomans, who profited in joining strict and common methodology in administration, the Safavids went similarly as building up a strict foundation that in the end used to dispense with restriction to the legislature and the ruler. For this reason, Shah Ismail established Shi'ism developed the positions of the Shi'i ulama, which savagely stifled opponents of the state and the strict request. Shah Ismail effectively made his subjects imagine that he and his beneficiaries, being relatives, of the Seventh Imam, Muza al-Kazim, were his resurrections on earth (The Empire of the Heartlands reference 64). This established the authority of the Shah, turning into the head both of the state a nd of religion, being the Twelfth Imam, in the tissue. Furthermore, the Safavid rulers likewise deliberately developed notable pictures of past radiant Persian past, for example, original copy enlightenments, design, and court writing of Iranian rulers of rulers (Khoury and Kostiner 1990, 36). This review of past wonder and Persian types of government reinforced the strict authority of the Safavid pioneers so they had the option to combine control and keep up it without noteworthy restriction from the individuals. In the thirteenth century, for instance, the administration supported the hypothesis that the Safavid originator Husain wedded the girl of Yazdigird III, the last Sassanian lord, adequately connecting the place of Ali to the Iranian monarchical convention (Empires of the Heartland reference, 47). The Ottomans additionally sorted out

Decreasing Population of Bachelor of Secondary Education Essay Example for Free

Diminishing Population of Bachelor of Secondary Education Essay Presentation Any individual who picks an encouraging profession in the Philippines must hold a degree in instructor training. Instructors out in the open and private grade schools must have in any event a bachelor’s certificate in rudimentary training. Secondary teachers are relied upon to have a bachelor’s certificate in auxiliary instruction with specialization (a significant and a minor) in secondary school subjects. The two degrees are granted upon effective culmination of affirmed educator instruction courses in perceived organizations. Educating in universities or expert degree programs at the tertiary level requires at any rate a master’s qualification in a specific region of specialization. Be that as it may, clearly, populace of Bachelor of Secondary Education understudies were diminishing eventually. As a result of these, nature of training in the Philippines will probably confront an emergency if the present patterns in diminishing school enrolment and expanding dropouts particularly Bachelor of Secondary Education and Bachelor of Elementary Education will proceed. There are a few components to consider why the number of inhabitants in Education understudies reduced. Because of proceeding with educational cost climbs, numerous understudies chose to take professional courses. As of late, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) National Commission of the Philippines revealed that around 22 percent by and large understudy stabilities from first to fourth Year College. What's more, irrefutably, instructor is an upsetting calling. Educator occupied with real study hall instructing that render not over eight hours of genuine study hall showing a day, readiness and adjustment of activities and other work coincidental to his/her typical educating obligations. Optional educators will be alloted to close to six day by day forty-minute times of guidance. For school, the ordinary encouraging heap of a full-time educator will be eighteen hours every week. The showing heap of low maintenance educators who are full-time workers outside of instructing will not surpass twelve hours out of every week. In any case, the normal teachers’ pay at present is deficient as wellspring of employment. Educating is an honorable calling companied by the way that they have a great deal of compel obligations to shape individuals in the general public they have a place. RELATED LITERATURE Educating is a calling whose prizes can possibly be extraordinary, yet its difficulties can possibly be baffling simultaneously. Educators have the chance to emphatically affect their understudies lives. Helping youngsters arrive at their latent capacity is incredibly fulfilling. In any case, a few understudies are hard to associate with, or have issues that meddle with their conduct and execution in the study hall. Beside that, they additionally experience challenges in their work routine, most instructors show up at school early, remain late or bring work home. Arranging, evaluating, gatherings, meetings and expert advancement must be practiced notwithstanding the day by day instructing of exercises. They are additionally a common 10-month representative and are off when school is shut for occasions and excursions. In any case, educators may need to land summer positions to enhance their compensations (Sally Miller, 2005). All advanced education establishments in all nations have encountered pressure between the interest to be explicitly pertinent to neighborhood needs and the craving to keep up thoughts and estimations of all inclusive reference (Hargreaves, 1973). Essentially in Bachelor of Secondary Education or in some other instructing/training courses. The administration structure of essential encouraging instruction is insufficiently sorted out to direct educator training organization as per the national advancement procedure. Inflexibility and wastefulness in the tutoring procedure result from the nonappearance of successful, focal and complete planning(Dunkley, 1981). Along these lines, teacher’s wanna be diminishing very. As indicated by Dr. Rupert Maclean(1988), there are some significant ramifications for the advancement of the arrangement of instructor training in the area, for example, (1) need to perceive that the quest for learning is a long lasting procedure, (2)an assessment of the degree to which instructive establishments ought to be self-ruling, and the thought of the social and monetary expense and advantages included when more prominent self-governance happens, (3)the change and development of educator instruction as an imperative advance towards the revival of state funded instruction. Then again, An Unesco Publication, The Changing Role of the Teacher, states â€Å"There was the point at which the teacher’s jobs was to go down to the more youthful age the information, encounters and folklore of a moderate developing society The pace of progress in contemporary society has made his job excess. The job of instructor mu st be, in addition to other things, a change specialist. It doesn't make a difference whether one is tending to the circumstance in a creating nation or an industrialized country, the issue continues as before. What are the new components of his/her job, and how is the instructor to be prepared to satisfy that job. In looking at the changing job of the instructor we have to consider the to be similar to a reaction to, and an endeavor to go up against the weight of a general public experiencing consistent transition† (Goble and Porter, 1977). For this announcement, we can say that educators assume a significant job in changing the instruction in the general public. For instance, in Malaysia, training is imagined to serve two significant capacities: (1)a intends to accomplish national solidarity and (2) a vehicle for national turn of events. Since 1964, English was gradually supplant by Bahasa Malaysia, the contention being that a country arrangement of training utilizing a typical mechanism of guidance, notwithstanding a typical prospectus , will give a solid base to advancing national solidarity. Shockingly, the approach has made between ethnic strain, considering the way that in Malaysia about 53% are Chinese and about 11% are Indian origin(S. Husin Ali, Chang Yii Tan, Tan Boon Kean, 1987). Educator is mindful in pretty much every employment in the general public particularly when we are discussing the eventual fate of each understudy they handle in essential, auxiliary and tertiary level. Centering in advanced education, as indicated by Trow(1938:132) advanced education itself ‘a delineated arrangement of foundation, reviewed officially or casually in status and eminence, in riches, influence and impact of different kind. In addition, educator in the Philippines had its start as right on time as Spanish period. Educator training programs have consistently been directed by the dire needs of the time, Before 1950, there were just a couple of state universities offering an instructor training program. Be that as it may, when the Department of Education detailed the gravity of the issue of undersupply of expertly qualified educators, enrolment in instructor training enrolled gradually upward. To urge more schools to offer instructor training courses, prerequisites for opening ordinary schools and school were relaxed(Carson, 1978). Besides, most nations in the locale of Asia perceive the essential significance of pre-administration instruction for educators. For example, the 1986 National Policy on Education expresses that â€Å"no individuals can transcend the degree of its teachers† (de la Cruz, Leandro, 1988). In conclusion, most significant proof of value in instruction framework is to be found in the nature of the understudies/understudies delivered. The issue, be that as it may, is to show up at good pointers which will show that better quality instruction has been accomplish (Adams, 1988). As needs be, much conversation in quality and norms will appear in this examination. And furthermore this examination will endeavor to show what was actually the components we can consider in the adjustment in populace of training understudies. For future examinations, it will be important to break down various information that related in the given point. This exploration will have the incredible commitment in individuals mindfulness particularly understudies on what are the patterns in advanced education. Procedure So as to pick up data, the scientist directed a meeting with the highschool educator including Mrs. Hymn Isidro (Filipino II), Mrs. Crisamie Mendieta(Physics), Mrs. Laudato (Filipino II), Mrs. Musa (English I) and college educators to be specific Ms. Michelle Zuniga (ITEC), Ms. Rona Feranil (Math), Ms. Jeneth Menil (P.E. what's more, English), Mrs. Cherry Rose S. Uminga (Biology), Mrs. Effortlessness Balingit ( Campus Asst. Administrator). It was made on March 3-5, 2010 at the Carmona National Highschool and Cavite State University-Carmona Campus. The specialists had the option to play out a meeting using meeting sheet/structure/manage which the information right now record. They likewise utilized a pen to compose each and every data that the interviewee give. During the pre-talk with stage, the scientists put all the potential inquiries in a piece of paper and improve it using Microsoft word 2003. They likewise utilized Xerox machine to duplicate the quantity of meeting structure/manage. At the meeting legitimate, the specialists utilized English language as the method of correspondence. They apply formal method of social event the purpose of perspectives on the objective populace. What's more, at the post talk with stage, the specialist consolidated all thoughts that the example populace had give. A portion of the data they had the option to assemble assume a significant job in deciphering the various thoughts in understanding the reason for the issue of diminishing populace of Bachelor of Secondary Education. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In pre-Spanish occasions, training was casual, unstructured, and without strategies. Kids were given increasingly professional preparing and less scholastics by their folks and in the places of inborn mentors. Significant changes in instruction framework occurred during the Spanish colonization. The innate mentors were supplanted by the Spanish Missionaries. Training was religion-arranged. It was for the tip top, particularly in the lord

Interview with SIPA MPA candidate, Danielle Schlanger COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Interview with SIPA MPA candidate, Danielle Schlanger COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Name: Danielle Schlanger Degree: MPA Concentration: Urban and Social Policy Specialization: International media, advocacy, and communication Danielle is a second-year SIPA student pursuing an MPA degree with a concentration in Urban and Social Policy. During her time at SIPA, Danielle has written for The Morningside Post, the schools newspaper, and has interned for CNBC in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. This summer, she worked in the Huffington Posts politics bureau in Washington, D.C. Before enrolling at SIPA, Danielle worked at the New York County District Attorneys Office as a paralegal in the offices Public Integrity Unit. She graduated with a degree in Urban and Regional Studies from Cornell University in 2010. What did you do before coming to SIPA? I graduated college in 2010, so I was one of the younger members of the class of 2014. After graduating from college, I worked as a paralegal at the New York County District Attorney’s Office in lower Manhattan. As an undergraduate I thought I wanted to become a prosecutor, but after working at the DA’s office I realized public policy and journalism was a better fit for me. What attracted you to SIPA? I was drawn to SIPA for two reasons: the location and the flexibility in the curriculum. As an aspiring journalist, I wanted to be in New York City for graduate school. There is an enormous media market here, and being able to intern while taking classes was important to me. I worked at CNBC during my first semester at SIPA, and I hope to freelance for some of the City’s papers during my second-year. SIPA also allowed me to combine my interest in public policy and journalism pretty seamlesslythe IMAC curriculum is fantastic. What kind of work do you hope to do when you graduate? Following graduation, I hope to work as a writer for a print/online news outlet covering domestic politics. Working at the Huffington Post this summer reaffirmed this for meI couldn’t have had a better experience working in their Politics bureau.    My experience at SIPA has really equipped me to better understand some of the most pressing issues facing society today, and how policymakers are able to work with the public to form solutions.

The Treaty Of Paris And Indian War - 876 Words

English III research paper [ Michael Albury ] [ Mrs. Alfonsi ] [ English 3 ] [ February 15, 2017 ] Outline: 1. From one war to another a.) French and Indian War b.) Ended by the Treaty of Paris 2. Revolutionary War a.) Negotiations between Great Britain and America b.) Informal articles of peace 3. Ending of the Revolutionary War a.) Articles of peace b.) Formal agreements between Great Britain and America c.) Treaty of Paris [ The Treaty of Paris, The ending of the Revolutionary War ] In 1763, the treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France, along with their allies. During the war, British forces had gained important victories against France overseas. They had also captured†¦show more content†¦However, the articles, signed in Paris November 30, 1782, where only effective When France had signed a similar treaty with Great Britain. The treaty was Then negotiated by French foreign minister Vergennes. January 20 1783, Great Britain and France had signed preliminary articles of peace. September 3, 1783 was the day American got its independence. British representatives, Richard Oswald and Henery Strachey, met with the Americans, represented by John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Henery Laurens. After nearly 8 long years of bloodshed and sorrow The war was Finally over. The representatives had came to a formal agreement and signed the Treaty of Paris, which consists of 10 articles. The first article simply says that England would let the United states be free and independent states. The second article set the boundaries between them to prevent any further dispute. As though article number three states the agreement to allow Americans to fish where every they d like. They could fish anywhere, American or England territory. Number four, nor Britain or the United States would do a thing to stop the collecting of dept by creditors in either state. The sixth was that no no more deaths would take place and anyone that was being held had been set free.The seventh article, which is a bit similar to the sixth article, states that anyoneShow MoreRelatedThe Causes And Effect Of The French And Indian War1146 Words   |  5 PagesYears of War â€Å"French and Indian war† What were the causes and effect of the war? Ana Rodriguez 6th period 03/10/15 What were the causes and effect of the French and Indian war? â€Å"The last and most destructive of the four Anglo-French Colonial wars, was the French and Indian war.† Took place on 1754-1763, and together with its European counterpart, the seven years war. Start with England declaring war on France, and ending with the Treaty of ParisRead MoreThe Treaty Of Paris ( 1763 )952 Words   |  4 PagesThe Treaty of Paris (1763) was an agreement signed to end the Seven Years War (1754-1763), or French and Indian War as it was known in North America between the British and French Empires. Agreement is different, from the Treaty of Paris signed in 1783 which concluded the American Revolution (1775-1783) and provided for the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain. It is also distinct from Treaty of Paris (1815) which solidified Napoleon s defeat in Europe, and the TreatyRead MoreThe American Revolution1472 Words   |  6 Pagesafter the French and Indian War, aided by many costly decisions made by the British Parliament and individuals of power in the colonies. Although many factors after the French and Indian War effected the American revolution: The Treaty of Paris in 1763, proclamation line, and a staggering war debt accumulated throughout the long seven-year war all equated to declining relations due to differentiating ideologies. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the long grueling seven-year war with the French. TheRead MoreThe French And Indian War1556 Words   |  7 Pages The French and Indian War/Seven Years War began in response to the British unapologetically impinging on the French and the Indian territory. After the seven years of war, the French and British negotiated the Treaty of Paris. The Treaty of Paris effectively ended the French and Indian War/the Seven Years War. It was put into practice in 1763. The immediate results included the French loss of all territory in the Americas except some islands in the Gulf, the Spanish receiving all land west of theRead MoreThe French And Indian War1195 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of history, wars have been fought to gain territories, independence, or to fight against those who take away one’s rights. The French and Indian War was fought in North America over the Ohio Valley, however, it is much more than just a war to gain territory. This war opened doors to the colonists who decided that fighting for independence was something they were in need of doing. The French and Indian War was the portion of the Seven Year’s War that was fought in North AmericaRead MoreRoyal Proclamation Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesresulting from the French and Indian war. The proclamation prohibited the settlement of the land beyond the appalachian mountains in order to maintain peace with Indians and to prevent further casualties. Although the proclamation was made with the intention of protection the colonists, the colonists viewed it as oppression. It angered the colonists who wished to expand into new farmlands, as they believed that they, â€Å"...purchased the land with their blood in the most recent war† (The American Pageant,Read MoreThe Scratch of a Pen 1763 and the Transformation of North America921 Words   |  4 PagesSpaniards and French mixed with different Indian Tribes. France and Britain had competed for domination in North America; the colonies both believed that whomever controlled Ohio country would win the continent. Both colonies were scared of what another would do to win. Spain had chose to stay out of the war and for a time during the Sever Year’s War. In the year of 1763, the Treaty of Paris was an ending to the Seven Years’ War also known as the French and Indian war in America. In the book, Galloway informsRead MoreWhere is The Peace in The Treaty of 1763? Essay example851 Words   |  4 Pagesfighting for position of control. The Peace of Paris Treaty was everything but peace towards the Native Americans. Different tribes of Indians received similar violence and unjust actions but in diverse ways. Native Americans experienced so much change because of the Treaty of Paris. They lost their land, their dependency was cut off (who they was receiving goods and gifts from), being subject to multiple laws of society (including proclamations and treaties) and tribes turning against each other. AlsoRead MoreThe Legacy Of The American Indian War1544 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shore, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous population† (Martin Luther King Jr.). It is said, that startingRead MoreReligious, Social, Philosophical, And Political Upheaval1394 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis for the creation of new governments (Duiker, 468; 472). During this century of political instability, global conflicts such as the French and Indian war between France and England over North American territory and the above-mentioned revolutions greatly impacted power balances and prevailing thought processes. While the French and Indian war, which ended in 1763, amounted to a struggle over territory between well-established empires and corresponding ideologies, the American and French revolutions

About Curleyrs wife In the novel Of Mice and Men - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 922 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? Can a victim of loneliness be portrayed as a villain? Why were women in the early 1900rs portrayed as property? In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Curleyrs wife is introduced as a villain for being a girl, although, she is a victim. She is portrayed as a villain because she is too friendly and wants attention from most of the guys on the ranch ,but, is actually a victim of loneliness because she is trapped somewhere she does not want to be. The victim is the one who has to suffer, the one who is harmed and innocent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Curleyrs wife In the novel Of Mice and Men" essay for you Create order Curleyrs wife is a victim because she is forced to be on the ranch with no freedom, she is not allowed to talk to anyone, shers treated different because shers a girl. First and foremost, Curleyrs wife is forced to be on the ranch rather than living her dream. She wanted to become an actor. On page 96 of the novel it states, soonrs he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it never got that letter. Everything Curleys wife wants to do is taken from her. In the quote she was saying she wanted to go to hollywood and become famous before she got married with Curley. This is a big part in the novel because it explains what she wanted to achieve in her life. The point is she is not happy and her dreams cant be accomplished. In the novel Curleyrs wife goes on to say, I tell you I aint used to livin like this. I coulda made somethin of myself. (34) Curleyrs wife is saying that she doesnt like the way she is living and because of how she is forced to stay on the ranch she cant do nothing with her life. With her being forced to stay there, shers bored and never has anything to do but is also not allowed to do what she wants. Curleyrs wife be lieved in herself and was so confident she can become a famous actress, and just having that taken from her must really upset her. Being somewhere you dont want to be isnt obviously going to make you happy, but this can also explain why she acts mean and flirts with guys on the ranch. Many things go through her head, but no one seems to care and instead say criticise her. Having your dreams crushed knowing you CANT even accomplish them or ever get to do anything with your life because youre trapped somewhere you dont want to be especially with very strict rules, kind of like jail. Secondly, Curleyrs wife is not allowed to talk to anyone. She is not able to talk to anyone on the ranch, Curley doesnt let her because he knows shers a flirt and doesnt trust her. While she was talking to Lennie she later goes on to state, I get lonely she said you can talk to people but i cant talk to nobody but Curly. else he gets mad. (87) Shers explaining to Lennie how itrs not fair Curley doesnt let her talk to anyone on the ranch, and she is very lonely. Here is when Curleyrs wife is forgetting who she is, she starts off as a sweet young lady to not being able to stand being alone. Shers a victim of loneliness, she suffers not being able to have any communication with world whatsoever. Curleyrs wife is not happy, and this is why she the victim, being trapped somewhere you dont want to be. Not being able to talk to anyone and being able to do what you want. She may have been a flirt but, shers still very young with no experience. She doesnt see what shers doing wrong but itrs not her fault she doesnt get attention from Curley so he shouldnt of been as strict as he was because she needs a lot for the way she has lived. Maybe curleyrs wife was just seeking attention for companionship perhaps at some level. Finally, in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Curleyrs wife is easily criticised and suffers from discrimination because she is girl. Curleyrs wifers introduction in the novel made her seem like shers a bad person. She gets talked about badly by Candy. He states, Well she got the eye Well I think Curleyrs married shers a tart.(49) Not only does this start off her character in a bad way by being called a tart, but just Candy being offensive because of the way she dresses. Shers not even given a name, shers just seen as property on the ranch in the novel. Many people on the ranch also see her as just a sex object. Curleyrs wife is has been called a whore, flirt, bitch and even a rat. In the novel John Steinbeck never explains why shers even called half of those names, but back in early 1900rs women were still mistreated and even seen as property. The main reason she is a victim is because she is the only female in the novel, and mistreated by everyone. In conclusion, Curleyrs wife is a victim because she is forced to be on the ranch with no freedom, she is not allowed to talk to anyone, and is very lonely with nothing to do with her. Curleyrs wife is treated different because shers the only girl in the novel. These are the reasons why I feel Curleyrs wife is the victim and not a villain in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird.

D.T. Resistant Materials †Evaluation Free Essays

I feel that my product has fulfilled all of the essential criteria although some of the desired criteria aren’t fulfilled. This includes: * Incorporated Lights * A Combination of Materials * Be used for placing an object on top The reason behind these specifications not being fulfilled was mainly due to limitations or the way it would have to be incorporated into the design I chose. If I decided to incorporate lights, the price would have rose as well as me having to make the boxes more bulky making them a lot more difficult to move and customise. We will write a custom essay sample on D.T. Resistant Materials – Evaluation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A combination of materials wasn’t used because of complications and problems which I will explain later and to be used for placing an object on top, the product would become less customisable, however an add on could be designed for my product in the future which would allow this, but as current because of time scale and general problems (which I will explain) this is an unavailable feature. What it does and how good it is at doing it My product is designed to allow users to store objects such as books and paperwork in. Teenagers, my target audience, would be able to customise the product by adding different tops as well as a different combination of boxes of which came in two sizes. The system I designed allowed the boxes to be placed on top of each other as well as beside each other. After testing, I found that the average sized box fitted perfectly, mainly due to my research which I carried out earlier. Papers unfortunately didn’t fit without aid such as a folder or possibly something which allowed the paper to stand on end. Having said this, the product was perfectly able to stand the weight and the customisable feature with everything lining up with little add on features which gave room for error as well as being extra features to the set. After asking other 15/16 year olds, comments were very positive particularly with the engraved design on the side which matched with the add on spacers as well as the fact the boxes could be stacked or put on the side. They also liked the idea of the customisable top which could be turned into a different wide range of add-ons which could have been added to in the future if desired. There were few negative comments which were probably due mainly to pure politeness! Having said this, the ones I received were well constructed such as the fact that paper couldn’t be placed flat without it sticking out the side as well as the fact that the choice of finish allowed the pine to show which was of a colour too bright to some people’s preference. Modifications and/due to Problems One major problem I came up against was the fact that I was unable to cast a peg. This was due to limitations of knowledge on casting as well as the time limit I was restricted against. Our first trial was shown on my developing ideas section where only one half of the peg seemed to come out correctly. This, unfortunately, made me skip the variety of materials desired criteria. Another problem was accuracy. I was only making one of many of these products and because of this I opted to create the top plate by hand. Having done this I soon realised that it was very difficult and time consuming to get it correctly placed. Due to this fact I modified the size of the dowel from 8mm to 6mm which meant that the 8mm hole will now have 6mm slotted into it with the top plate. Because of time restrictions, it wasn’t possible to create other add-ons such as the CD rack I planned earlier on. Instead I opted in a different material which would make the product more appealing (aesthetically pleasing). Accuracy was also another problem which I faced when joining the boxes together. I originally planned to join the boxes directly against each other. Because of 8mm holes being in the top and the bottom, 8mm dowel had to be used and the fact is that there was no room for error which became a problem. I solved this by creating a spacer which contained 6mm dowel which would slot into both the bottom and top box. This was a viable solution. Design problems also caused the boxes to be connected sideways only one possible direction as the boxes would not slot into each other on one side. This problem was one which I didn’t fix as the boxes could still tessellate one way which made this problem very minor. How to cite D.T. Resistant Materials – Evaluation, Papers

Walmart case, Introduction to international business free essay sample

Considering the statement: Hey we are in Germany, isnt that great? to be true. We do think Wal-Mart overestimated the transferability of its FSAs. However, Wal-Marts main reason for failing is the underestimation of the differences between the us-market and the German market. If Wal-Mart went to for example the Netherlands, the customers would be less parsimonious, and the American products might have been a lot more bought. Wal-Mart did overestimated the general transferability of its FSAs to an unspecified country. Germany doesnt lend itself to a company with a foreign culture, where smaller countries would do so. Wal-Mart basically had to deal with laws that were against Wal-Mart. Some other countries have looser restrictions for supermarkets. Wal-Mart didnt make a distinction between foreign countries. Therefore, we think Wal-Mart did underestimate Germany more than overestimating the transferability of its FSAs. 4. As stated in the case Wal-Mart is a hypermarket from the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart case, Introduction to international business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wal-Mart currently is in 27 countries, countries I could find 22 of them, they are: The United States, Mexico, Canada, Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, United Kingdom, China, India, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, South-Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland. Although his seems a lot, only a few of them have a lot of supermarkets. All retail units combined show Wal-Mart has 11,000 retail units, of which 6,265 use Wal-Marts name. The biggest retailer, which does not use Wal-Marts name is Sams Club with 622 shops. Wal-Marts first time abroad was in Mexico in 1991. Mexico still has the most retails of all foreign countries. Many countries Just recently (in the past 5 years) saw Wal-Mart coming, and except for Mexico (Mexico has more than 2,400) no countries have more than 1,000 retails. To conclude, Wal-Mart might be in a lot of countries, most ot them are eit ner tiny, or dont nave many Wal -Marts

15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives

15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives By Mark Nichol Some of these similar-looking words do have, among various meanings, the same sense, but their primary definitions are quite different. Know these distinctions: 1. ambiguous/ambivalent: To be ambiguous is be able to be understood in more than one way (or, less commonly, of uncertain identity); to be ambivalent is to express uncertainty or contradictory opinions. (The latter term is also distinct from indifferent, which implies a lack of opinion or concern.) 2. alternate/alternative: To be alternate is to occur by turns or in a pattern that skips from one side to the other, or to provide another possibility; to be alternative is to offer a choice, or to be a variation from a norm. 3. abstruse/obtuse: Something abstruse is, because of complexity, something not easily comprehended; something obtuse is unclear because or careless or imprecise information. (Obtuse also describes someone who is dull or insensitive, or an object that is blunt or round, and alternatively refers to an angle greater than 90 degrees.) 4. arrant/errant: Arrant means â€Å"immoderate† or â€Å"extreme†; errant means â€Å"traveling† or â€Å"being aimless, or â€Å"straying† or â€Å"misbehaving.† 5. celibate/chaste: A celibate person is one who abstains from sex or marriage; chaste is a synonym but can also mean â€Å"modest† or even â€Å"spotless† or â€Å"austere.† 6. climatic/climactic: Climatic refers to climate; climactic applies to a climax. 7. concerted/concentrated: Something concerted has been conducted in a coordinated manner; concentrated means â€Å"focused† in the sense of organizing toward a common goal. 8. desirable/desirous: Something desirable is attractive or advantageous; desirous refers to being driven by desire. 9. disinterested/uninterested: Both terms can mean â€Å"apathetic,† but disinterested also has the sense of â€Å"neutral.† 10. drastic/dramatic: Drastic means â€Å"extreme†; dramatic refers to something suggestive of drama, or emphatic. 11. exceptional/exceptionable: Something exceptional is superior, or rare (it is also employed to refer to those with mental or physical abilities); something exceptionable is offensive or undesirable people take exception to it. 12. extended/extensive: Extended means â€Å"lengthened† (though it is also sometimes used as a synonym for extensive); extensive means â€Å"to a great degree† or â€Å"of a great magnitude.† 13. forceful/forcible: To be forceful is to be strong or persuasive; something forcible is accomplished by using force (though it can mean â€Å"powerful,† too). Forced, meanwhile, refers to involuntary action or something done only with effort. 14. ironic/sarcastic: An ironic statement is one meant to be understood as meaning something other than its literal meaning indicates; a sarcastic statement can be ironic, but the word sarcastic generally refers to something said facetiously to express ridicule. 15. luxurious/luxuriant: Something luxurious is resplendent in luxury; something luxuriant is fertile and lush, though the word may also be used as a synonym for luxurious. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With50 Nautical Terms in General UseShore It Up

States With No Income Tax Should You Move to One

States With No Income Tax Should You Move to One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While everyone in the US pays a federal income tax, not everyone pays a state income tax. There are seven states in the US with no income tax whatsoever, plus two more that don’t tax wages. While people who live in these states don’t pay income tax, they may pay higher taxes in other ways, like when they go shopping or stop at the gas station. This guide will explore whether or not people in income tax-free states save money overall, along with the pros and cons of moving to one of these states. First, let’s look at the nine states with few or no taxes on income. What Are the States With No Income Tax? There are seven states with no income taxes whatsoever. They are the following: Alaska Florida Nevada South Dakota Texas Washington Wyoming Two other states, New Hampshire and Tennessee, don’t have an income tax on wages, but they do tax interest and dividend income. If you’re making money from investments, for instance, then that profit would be taxed in New Hampshire or Tennessee. The remaining 41 states do level a tax on income. Some have a flat-rate income tax, while others have different brackets based on how much money you make. These states gain revenue from income taxes, and that money goes into various services and programs. In states that don’t collect income tax, where does the revenue come from? There are nine states in the U.S. with no or few state income taxes. Lokal Profil/Wikimedia Where Do States With No Income Tax Get Revenue? States still need revenue, and they get that money from a variety of sources. Commonly, states without income tax have higher sales, gas, and property taxes. They may also provide fewer, more expensive, or lower quality public services. For instance, in-state tuition at the public universities in New Hampshire is higher than that of most other states. Let’s look on a state-by-state basis to see how these no-income-tax states collect revenue. Alaska: petroleum revenue. Because of its oil, Alaska is an exception among income tax-free states. Rather than raising other taxes, Alaska actually distributes a dividend check to residents. Last year, each resident’s share was $2,075. Florida: above average sales taxes and property taxes. Nevada: gambling-related fees and taxes, as well as sales taxes. South Dakota: personal taxes, property taxes, cigarette excises, bank franchises, and ore taxes. Texas: oil and gas royalties, as well as a high sales tax. Washington: some of the highest sales and gasoline taxes in the United States. Wyoming: coal mining and property taxes. Like Alaska, Wyoming also gets revenue from its natural resources. New Hampshire: property tax. Tennessee: highest sales tax in the US. Given these alternative forms of revenue collection, does living in a state without income tax mean you keep more of your paycheck? Alaskan residents actually get money back each year from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Living in Alaska can be expensive, though, as it’s a pretty remote place. Does Living in an Income Tax-Free State Mean You Keep More of Your Money? The short answer to this question is, not necessarily. As you can see above, many states without income tax charge higher taxes on day-to-day expenses. They may also provide fewer public services or more expensive higher education. Depending on your spending habits and lifestyle, the amount of money you’re paying toward other taxes could be higher than the amount you would pay toward taxes overall in a state that had an income tax. How much you benefit from an income tax-free policy also largely depends on your income level. Typically, people with a higher income benefit from the lack of income tax, while people with lower incomes end up paying a larger percentage of their salary to other kinds of taxes. According to the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy in Washington, for example, the poorest 20% of state residents pay 16.9% of their annual income in sales and gas taxes, while the wealthiest 1% pay just 2.4% of their income. Your income level, therefore, becomes an important factor if you’re deciding whether or not to move to a state with no income tax. What else should you consider as you figure out where to live in the United States? Should you move to sunny Florida, where palm trees are a-plenty but state income tax is nowhere to be found? Who Should Move to an Income Tax-Free State? As you read above, income tax-free states tend to have higher sales, gas, and property taxes and a reduced budget for public programs, like education. If any of the following are true for you, then you might benefit from living in one of these states. If the opposite is true, then you probably shouldn’t move to one. You Have a High Income Higher-income people tend to benefit the most from living in an income tax-free state. Besides keeping a larger proportion of your wages, higher income people may also have less need for public services. For instance, higher-income people may not rely on public education, instead sending their kids to private schools. You Don’t Own Much Property If you don’t own a lot of property, then you won’t get hit too hard with the often high property taxes in income tax-free states. If you do own a lot of property, then living in one of the nine states discussed above probably wouldn’t work in your favor. If you own a lot of land or houses, then you may end up getting hit with high property taxes. You Don’t Spend a Lot Besides having higher property taxes, most of these nine states impose high sales taxes. If you have a high consumption lifestyle, then you’ll be putting a higher than average percentage of your income toward sales taxes. If you don’t spend a lot, then you may save money in one of these states overall. You Don’t Rely on Public Services States without income taxes may offer reduced or lower quality public services, like transportation, health care, or public education. If you don’t have kids or are sending your kids to private school, then this might not affect you. Washington, by the way, is an exception with its strong public school system, but it has some of the highest sales and gas taxes in the country. If you drive a lot in Washington, then you might end up paying a lot in gas tax and highway and bridge tolls. If you’re sending kids to public school, be careful about the quality of the education system in an income tax-free state. You Hold Conservative or Libertarian Views People have different opinions about state income tax, and their support of or opposition to it tends to coincide with their social and political views. People with progressive or liberal views tend to support government funding of public services, like education, health insurance, and transportation, and they tend to be in favor of income taxes, as well. Those with more conservative or libertarian views want to minimize the government’s role in shaping society and consequently, tend to be opposed to income taxes. They may oppose any kind of income redistribution and prefer that all people pay the same on other taxes, like sales taxes. Progressives, however, point out that sales taxes affect people at different incomes disproportionately, with lower income populations becoming the most burdened. People also disagree about whether income taxes help or hinder job and population growth. Those who oppose income tax say that doing away with it boosts jobs and helps the state retain young people. According to a 2013 study, though, Texas was the only non-income tax state where job growth didn’t lag behind population growth. If you find yourself agreeing with the typically conservative or libertarian point of view opposed to state income tax, then you may well enjoy living one of the nine states listed above. Are you a progressive, conservative, or libertarian? Whether or not you support state income taxes tends to align with your social and political views. You’ve Done Your Research Beyond figuring out whether living in an income tax free state would be financially beneficial for you, you should also base your decision on a number of other factors, like the state’s culture and weather and what your moving process would be like. Are you ready to move to Nevada’s desert climate and live close to the temptation of gambling? Does the libertarian bent of many Texans appeal to you? Are you comfortable living in a remote place like Alaska where the sun shines all summer and hides all winter? Any move calls for a good deal of research and planning. If your main motivation is doing away with income tax, then remember that there are other factors to consider, like state services and how the government’s alternative methods of revenue collection affect you as an individual or family. If you do decide to pack up and move to the desert of Nevada or a ranch out in the Lone Star state, what steps do you need to take? Besides bringing lots of water, what steps would you need to take to move to a state with no income tax, like Nevada? How to Move to a State With No Income Tax In order to move and start enjoying an income tax-free life, you’ll typically need to establish both state residency and domicile. Residency and domicile laws vary by state. Typically, you’ll need to spend a certain amount of time in the state, as well as change some records to reflect your new address. One common law states that you can’t spend more than 183 days in any single state beside your new state of residency. That’s not to say you have to spend the remaining 182 days in your new state of residency. For instance, let’s say you’re moving to Texas. You spend 100 days in Texas, 100 days in Massachusetts, and 165 days in California. Since you didn’t spend a collective 183 days in a single state other than Texas, you can still call Texas your state of residency. However, if you had spent 100 days in Texas and the remaining 265 days in California, then you can’t call Texas your state of residency. Again, your time in one other state can’t exceed 183 days. While establishing residency is pretty straightforward, establishing domicile is a bit more vague. Generally, domicile means that your community connections need to be stronger in your new state than your old state. These connections include things like your voter registration, driver’s license, and bank accounts. You also have to indicate that the new state will be your permanent home. Since residency and domicile requirements vary by state, you’ll have to check the exact specifications for Texas, Wyoming, and the rest of the states with no income taxes. Besides rooting out the exact residency laws, make sure to remember these key points about states with no income taxes and how to move to one. One perk of living in a state with no income tax- you can totally skip that page on your tax returns. States With No Income Tax: Final Thoughts While eliminating an income tax might sound like it saves you money, the policy is a little trickier than it sounds. States still need money, so getting rid of an income tax typically means that they impose higher taxes in other areas. The only exception is states that generate revenue from natural resources, like Alaska with its petroleum. Whether living in a state with no income tax will save you money varies by individual. Typically, people who have a high income will benefit, as well as those who don’t rely on public education, drive very much, own a lot of property, or spend much money overall. You’ll have to take a look at your income, lifestyle, and spending habits to determine whether moving would be financially beneficial for you. Because of the U.S.’s unique mix of state and federal laws, you should always look into tax laws when you’re considering moving. If you’re envisioning relocating to another part of the country, then consider the new state’s tax laws and how they’ll affect your personal finances.

The promotion of diversity in mental healthcare Essay

The promotion of diversity in mental healthcare - Essay Example The prevalence of mental or substance use disorder in the United States is proximately 30% and only one-third of these individuals are currently receiving treatment establishing these we can see how fundamental is developing of mental health. According to WHO it is reported that some 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental health problems; neurologic or behavior problems that arise in any moment and 873,000 people die by suicide every year, which is enormous number. One in four patients visiting a health services has at least a mental, neurological, or behavior disorder, but frequently are neither diagnosed nor treated. Most low and middle income countries devote less than one precent of their already -paltry health expenditure to mental health, so little attention is dedicated to mental health and its developing in these countries. Because we all have mental health needs and we can all benefit from metal health promotion, which works to strength our capacity for positive mental health, wherever we have mental problem established. Also mental health promotion can help reduce factors that are damaging mental health such as social support, anti-poverty strategies or by tackling racism. Companionship, meaningful occupation, and opportunities to participate and contribute do protect mental health. Mental health promotion is essentially concerned with: how individuals, families, organizations and communities think and feel, then the factors which influence how we think and feel, individually and collectively and the impact that this has on overall health and well being. Mental health promotion can take place with individuals, communities or at policy or structural level and is relevant to the whole population as well as vulnerable groups and people at risk of or currently experiencing mental health problems. Many pe ople turn to religion when are in emotional crises and there is some evidence that religious involvement protects mental well being and may help people with mental health problems. Faith communities can provide a spiritual resource and a place of belonging which help to counter the impact of prejudice, inequalities, loneliness or isolation. For example, the worshipping, witnessing and caring life of the church contributes something to good mental health since it brings people in touch with Jesus the great healer. In many ways I consider, faith communities are ideally placed to promote the mental health of all their members. The promotion of mental health is situated within the largest field of health promotion and sits alongside the prevention of mental disorder and the treatment and rehabilitation of people with mental illness and disabilities. Mental health promotion involves actions that support people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle and which create supportive living conditions or environmental for health, whose goal is preventing metal illness or mental disorder. Important segment are public health policy, including strategies for continued growth and practice implantation and not estimating the international cooperation and alliances for achieving effectiveness of intervention. Mental health and illness are determined by multiple factors and interaction by social, psychological and biological factors, such as

Apple Inc Business Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apple Inc Business Organization - Assignment Example Apple Inc. has international operations which are operated from its California based headquarters. The company is headed by a team of top executives who are responsible for making strategic decisions which affect the company’s future operations. The management of the company and its activities are directed by a group of board of directors. The company’s business operations are divided into various functionalities which include consumer electronics arm, personal computers and software and mobile phones. The business activities are effectively designed into design, manufacturing or development, sales and marketing, development and research. Since the company operates in several markets across the world, it has varying levels of management and organizational or business activities.The strategic environment within Apple’s business environment can be analyzed through the application of Porter’s five forces for competitive advantage of a company. According to Po rter (1985, p. 54), the threat of new entrants into the market poses a significant challenge to the competitive of a company. Since Apple operates in many markets across the world, it is evident that the company is challenged by the new companies which arise in these markets and provide products and services similar to those of Apple. Examples of new entrants into the Apple’s business environment include new mobile phone companies, telecommunication service providers and manufactures of computer systems and mobile phones. which comprise of the services and products that the company provides. The threat of new entrants is more significant when these new operators provide services at a cheaper price than a specific company (Porter, 1985, p. 65). The power of buyers who represent the consumers of Apple’s products is a significant force that determines the company’s strategies for competitive advantage. The information and communication industry as well as the mobile phone and telecommunication sector across the world is very dynamic. This means that the needs of consumers change frequently in relation to their tastes and preferences (Porter, 1985, p. 72). It is in this sense that Apple Inc employs a strategic plan that focuses on fulfilling or meeting the needs of consumers. This is because consumers comprise of the most important stakeholder for any business. Hannagan (2009, p. 43) points out that the power of suppliers play a significant role in defining the business strategies that are employed by a company for strategic advantage within the market. The suppliers of Apple’s raw materials determine its success in production and assurance of quality for its electronic, computing and mobile phone products. It is in this sense that the company is mandated to ensure that in all of its markets especially where its production processes are situated has access to suppliers. More importantly the company ensures that it maintains a positive relationship with its suppliers so that it would maintain their loyalty. In this light, the company is able to become strategically competitive within its business environment by producing the best quality of products and services. Hannagan (2009, p. 29) says that the threat of substitute products within a company’

Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct Case Study

Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct Case Study Identifying the Problem Bobby is 12-year-old boy. He was referred to counseling due to his recent onset of disruptive behaviors. Bobby’s parents recently divorced and currently he lives with his mother and a 1-year-old sister. During the last five minutes of the sixth session, he confessed that he hated his baby sister and he thought of killing and harming her. He reported that about a month ago, he made his sister sick by giving her a chocolate laxative. He also reported that he did not inform his mother about what he had done to his sister. His mother thought that his baby sister had a stomach virus. He stated that what he did was wrong. Bobby felt that his baby sister changed his life to the worse. He wants her to go away. He added that he did not want to hurt her today. Bobby’s parents has divorced recently which is a substantial change in his family life. There is no enough information or description about his disruptive behaviors except that they were severe enough to bring him to therap y. Additionally, he has homicidal ideation of killing his baby sister and violated her rights by giving her laxative which was luckily not life threatening. Bobby was diagnosed with Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct. People including children develop this disorder due to a reaction of major stress. The intensity of this disorder depends on the child’s disposition, susceptibility, previous experiences and coping skills. Adjustment disorder lasts for six months. The symptoms may continue dependent on the stressor and its consequences. The divorce of his parents is unquestionably will have a long lasting effect on Bobby and his baby sister. Bobby has some of the feature of oppositional defiant disorder such as disobedience and opposition to authority figures; it does not include some of more severe behaviors such as violating the basic right of others or age appropriate social norms. When the behaviors meet both disorders’ symptoms, the conduct disorder take precedence and ODD is not diagnosed. I would schedule a same day session with Bobby and his parents to discuss the seriousness of the problem. I would explore all the concerns I have regarding the baby’s safety and depends on the outcome of that meeting, I will determine to call CPS. My responsibility as a therapist is to take each case seriously regardless whether Bobby is going to carry out his homicidal ideation toward his baby sister. Nevertheless, Bobby is having real feeling of hate toward his sister for a whole year. He is not getting used to having her in his life. During this meeting, I will learn from the parents regarding any recent changes in his health, and include his treating physician. In regards to the parents I would be cautious regarding their quality of care toward their children. I need to know whether there is a possibility of neglect and carelessness or that the parents, especially the mother, is suspecting any intention of Bobby to hurt his sister. They must be given the benefit of the doubt. Within that same vein of thinking, as a therapist, I must be cautious of accusing the parents of neglect due to the serious and could alter the parents’ life. Ethical Decision Making Model The author elected to employee the 7 step Kitchner Ethical Decision Making Model (1984) to apply to the aforementioned vignette. 1. Problem or dilemma: be aware of the different perspectives that may be used identify the problem. It is the duty of the therapist to take Bobby’s intension in homicidal ideation toward his baby sister seriously, while may not be serious about his homicidal ideations, it is important to ensure that baby sister is safe. It is important that this therapist ensure that Bobby’s feeling is not malicious. Sibling abuse can be physical, is the physical, emotional or sexual. It can vary from mild aggression such as shoving or severe such as using weapons or deliberately try to hurt their siblings (Frazier Hayes, 1994). Parents usually are not aware of the problem because either they are working outside the home or they assume that it is a sibling rivalry, which they conceive as normal (Strauss, Gelles, 1994). The difference between sibling abuse and sibling rivalry is that sibling may argue or call each other names but the main difference is that it become and abusive relationship when one child is always the victim and the other is always the aggressor. The result of sibl ing abuse is long lasting that may last to adulthood. Although Bobby’s sister is a baby and does not know what was going on, and that Bobby said that he did not want to kill her today, his anger may trigger this urge and think of killing her again. This therapist does not feel that the baby sister is safe without informing the parents and authority to prevent the next blow (Schneider, Ross, Graham, Zielinski, 2005). As a court mandated reporter it is my duty to report suspected child abuse within 24 hours. However, I have mixed feeling regarding this dilemma. Bobby is my client and by obeying the law, I am preaching the confidentiality and the trust that we built together through the last six sessions. Reporting this information may result in taking the baby out of the home. Would working with parents to ensure the baby’s safety be enough to resolve the issue? After all, the parents are divorced and Bobby may become angrier and more determined to hurt his baby sister. This family went through rough time, as is; however, having a mental disorder, being a teenager, I feel that he present an immediate danger to his sister. Bobby says that he is not thinking about killing her â€Å"today† is not guaranteed and the baby’s safety is in jeopardy. Thus, CPS should be contacted and conferred with in accordance to the APA code of Ethics: As Ethical Standard 5.02 states: Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to respect the confidentiality rights of those with whom they work (2010). At times, the value of confidentiality will conflict with other important values. Such a conflict may arise when a psychologist receives information concerning child abuseinformation that may be helpful or necessary to stop the abuse and protect the child. It is also important to schedule separate emergency sessions with the parents and their children to provided support and offer psychoeducation regarding the process. According to, the California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting ACT (CANRA), located in California Penal Code Sections 11164 11174.3., states that mandated reporters should be knowledgeable of their duty to report. The law states that â€Å"when the victim is a child (a person under the age of 18) and the perpetrator is any person (including a child), the following types of abuse must be reported by all legally mandated reporters: Physical abuse (PC 11165.6) is defined as physical injury inflicted by other than accidental means on a child, or intentionally injuring a child.†. Additionally, child abuse must be reported if â€Å"â€Å"†¦has knowledge of or observes a child in his or her professional capacity, or within the scope of his or her employment whom he or she knows or reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse or neglect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (PC 11166[a]). â€Å"Reasonable suspicion† occurs when â€Å"it is objectively reasonable for a person to ente rtain such a suspicion based upon facts that could cause a reasonable person in a like position, drawing when appropriate on his or her training and experience, to suspect child abuse† (PC 11166[a][1]). 2. Identify the potential issues involved Consider: autonomy/beneficence/Nonmaleficence/justice. The first moral principle that applies to this situation is autonomy. In order for Bobby to grow, he needs to be able to make his own decisions and not rely on his therapist to make decisions for him. Corey, Corey and Callanan (2003) stated, â€Å"respect for autonomy entails acknowledging the right of another to choose and act in accordance with his or her wishes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.16). If I report the homicidal ideation and possible physical abuse then I am not acting in accordance with Bobby and his family’s wishes and therefore I am not promoting autonomy. I feel very strongly about fostering independent relationships, which causes me to question which decision is best for Bobby. The very real issue of the therapist needing to break Bobby’s confidentiality and thus his autonomy is unfortunate but necessary. The different issues involved include Bobby homicidal ideation toward his baby sister and the real possibility that he could attempt to kill her. There is a possibility that Bobby is planning to kill his sister, if that the case, then something has to be done to protect the sister from him. Another issue include the possibility of Bobby having a more serious mental illness; his parents do not have to cope with that alone. It would be beneficent to help them through providing the right treatment, which involve therapy, training and medication if necessary to help build positive environment and deal with the disorder early in Bobby’s life. There is also the possibility that Bobby does not mean what he was saying, if this is the case, Bobby could suffer egregiously and emotionally and so are his parents. Furthermore, the therapist could lose Bobby as a client as a result of the unjust accusation and the subsequent mandated reporting of the claim. However, such a loss, while undesirable is acceptable as the therapist followed the proper code of conduct regarding mandated reporting and nonmalfecience. The therapist will on the same day schedule an individual session with Bobby and assess the client for homicidal ideation and then notify the proper authorities. Nonmaleficence can support either reporting the abuse or not reporting the abuse. In order to prevent physical harm to the baby, the therapist would have to report the abuse. On the other hand, if the therapist does not report the abuse Bobby, his sister may suffer and may be killed. What if Bobby’s actions of giving his sister harmful substance were a one-time action that will never happen again? Reporting may cause Bobby suffers harm that could have been avoided. The principle of beneficence can also support both courses of action. On one hand, if I report the abuse I am promoting the safety of the baby. On the other hand, if I do not report the abuse I am promoting Bobby’s best interests and ensuring that he will not be separated from his mother. Fidelity would support not reporting the abuse because it would require the therapist to break the trust of my client. She has a responsibility to her client and breaking Bobby’s trust would mean that the therapist honoring her responsibility as a professional. On the other hand, veracity would support reporting the abuse because the therapist was truthful from the start with the client when she provided him with informed consent. In the informed consent, the therapist explained that there were limits to confidentiality. There is an obvious conflict in the moral principles in this ethical dilemma. While some of the principle support reporting the abuse, others support not reporting the abuse. To raise even more conflict some of the principles can support both decisions. The therapist sees clear contradictions between fidelity and veracity, nonmaleficence and beneficence and autonomy and beneficence. Fidelity says not to break the trust of the client, while veracity says that she can because she outlined the limits in my informed consent. Just as nonmaleficence could support not reporting the abuse to avoid harm to Bobby’s emotional state, but beneficence would say that the therapist not promoting the baby’s physical well-being. Beneficence can also contradict with autonomy because if I promote the baby’s physical safety by reporting the abuse then I am not honoring the client Bobby’s wishes, which is not supporting his autonomy. 3. Review the relevant ethical guidelines. Is there one or should there be one? The client is an adolescent who has notified the therapist that he hated his baby sister and that he had homicidal ideation toward her. He gave her laxative and made her ill a month ago but he said he did not want to kill her today. In deference to section 11165.3 of the California Penal Code: â€Å"any mandated reporter who has knowledge of or who reasonably suspects that mental suffering has been inflicted upon the child or that his or her emotional well-being is endangered in any other way may report the known or suspected instance of child abuse or neglect to an agency† (2013). Since the therapist has an indication, that homicidal ideation could be occurring in the home, the therapist is mandated to report that information. In addition, the APA code of Ethics (2010) stipulates in section 5.02: Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to respect the confidentiality rights of those with whom they work. At times, the value of confidentiality wil l conflict with other important values. Such a conflict may arise when a psychologist receives information concerning child abuse.† Reporting the information to proper authorities will likely be helpful or necessary to stop the abuse and protect the child. In deference to the nineteen seventy-four Tarasoff case ruling, the mother should also be notified of possible danger. 4. Obtain consultation. Prior to reporting the therapist would seek consultation from fellow therapists, CPS and the APA to seek ethical and legal perspectives. In addition, she would refer to an ethical decision making model to assist in the decision process. Whether or not there is any indication on knowledge of the brother is abusing his sister and considering as just sibling rivalry. The therapist concern is that the boy is having enough time with the baby alone without any adult supervision to give her the laxative. Additionally, does the mother know that her son is cruel to his sister but she is afraid of revealing it for the fear that he may be taken away from her? 5. Consider possible and probable courses of action. Probable courses of action include: Emergency individual sessions with each family member will be scheduled within 24 hours of learning about the homicidal ideation. During the emergency session, the therapist would immediately assess Bobby and the respective family members. In addition, the therapist would assess Bobby’s cognition and remind him that he signed an informed consent form, which highlighted the exceptions to confidentiality. If it appears that the client intends to harm his sister the therapist while in session will call the clients treating physician and confer about the next course of action. If there is no time and the client is definitely going to hurt his sister, then separation and removing Bobby temporarily is appropriate. In addition, a mutually agreed upon plan between the therapist and Bobby needs to be in place to ensure that Bobby may refer to it whenever he feels the need to hurt his sister. As there has been a possibility of homicidal ideation by Bobby, child protective services (CPS) must be called within 24 hours. As mentioned previously, the mother according to the Tarasoff ruling should also be notified that there is a possible threat to her baby daughter and should be provided with the support they need to cope with the issue. Follow up sessions with the therapist should also be scheduled 6. Enumerate the consequences of various decisions The therapist could ignore what Bobby said, which could cause further harm to the baby sister. If Bobby decided to physically abuse his sister or gave her laxative or more potent substances then baby would have to continue to suffer from his actions. One of the consequences of reporting Bobby that should be considered is that Bobby may hate his sister even more and would carry out his ideation and actually kill her. On the other hand, if Bobby’s homicidal ideation is just an empty threats, Bobby could be affected emotionally and mentally to such an accusation. In addition, Bobby may refuse to come to therapy and not trust this therapist or any other therapists. Nevertheless, telling the therapist about his feeling toward his sister and wanting to kill her should be considered a â€Å"cry for help† and should be treated with respect. The question of protecting Bobby’s confidentiality arises due to his confession, however: according to the APA code of Ethics: As Ethical Standard 5.02 states, Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to respect the confidentiality rights of those with whom they work. At times, the value of confidentiality will conflict with other important values. Such a conflict may arise when a psychologist receives information concerning child abuseinformation that may be helpful or necessary to stop the abuse and protect the child (2010). † In addition, if he were able to comprehend the information I would go over the informed consent form with Bobby, which highlighted the necessity of contacting proper authorities regarding the homicidal ideation. Breaking Bobby’s confidentiality could prove to cause him to react emotionally and his trust in the therapist could be broken. It could be very difficult to reclaim or develop trust in Bobby which cou ld hinder the therapeutic process, however if the therapist believes that abuse is occurring she has the law and the code of ethics on her side. 7. Decide what appears to be the best course of action After the therapist had conducted the emergency sessions and discussed the concern with Bobby, the therapist would review the issue(s) with her peers, refer to the APA ethical guidelines and consult with the APA attorneys and CPS, she would then likely call the proper authorities. If Bobby claims that, he was exaggerating and that he did not mean it literally. The therapist has to be cautious and ensure the safety of the baby and reassess Bobby to see whether the initial diagnosis is still appropriate. My initial response is to report this information immediately. â€Å"Failure to Report an abuse result in a misdemeanor punishable by up to six months in county jail and/or up to a $1000 fine (P.C. 11166[c]). He or she may also be found civilly liable for damages, especially if the child-victim or another child is further victimized because of the failure to report (Landeros vs. Flood (1976) 17C.3d399). Furthermore PC 11166.01[b] states that â€Å"any mandated reporter who willfully fails to report abuse or neglect, or any person who impedes or inhibits a report of abuse or neglect†¦ where that abuse or neglect results in death or great bodily injury, shall be punished by not more than one year in a county jail, by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000), or by both that fine and imprisonment.† What I understood from this lengthy definition is that if I had any suspicion that the baby was not safe that I should report (CANRA, 1980). Finally, if I did not report his homicidal ideation I would be sending a wrong message to Bobby and may think that is acceptable to have those feeling about his sister. As a therapist, I am dealing with the dilemma of fulfilling my legal duty to report and protect the baby sister rather than attempting to work with Bobby and doing what is in the best interest for his well being. Reference The Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act (CANRA), 1980.  www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.html

Mr. Darcy

Mr. Darcy  is an intelligent, tall, fine, handsome, wealthy and reserved gentleman, who often appears haughty or proud to strangers. Mr. Darcy has a strong moral fibre and a natural and somewhat embarrassed kindness. Mr. Darcy is the owner of the fictional estate of  Pemberley, he is described as the perfect landlord, a sensible and honourable manager of the estate. He has a great responsibility to keep the estate running – and the locals who depend on it for a livelihood are lucky to have such a good master.Mr. Darcy's inflated personal pride, snobbish indifference and arrogance causes him to consider  Elizabeth Bennet  as low-born and plain, â€Å"tolerable† and â€Å"not handsome enough to tempt him†. However, afterwards he becomes attracted to Elizabeth, and courts her clumsily while struggling against his continuing feelings of superiority. His arrogance and rudeness enhance his desirability, and they are reconsidered later as a sign of his repressed passion for Elizabeth. Pride and Prejudice Writing StyleSurprising Turns of Phrase, Sarcastic, Subtle, Pointed Austen is the total master of the slow, subtle burn. It's like poetry in motion – you just watch as sentence after sentence starts out nice and predictable and then – BAM! – right in the kisser. Let's watch and learn how a pro does it in this paragraph that introduces Sir William Lucas, Charlotte's dad: Sir William Lucas had been formerly in trade in Meryton, where he had made a tolerable fortune, and risen to the honour of knighthood by an address to the king during his mayoralty.The distinction had perhaps been felt too strongly. It had given him a disgust to his business, and to his residence in a small market town; and, in quitting them both, he had removed with his family to a house about a mile from Meryton, denominated from that period Lucas Lodge, where he could think with pleasure of his own importance, and, unshackled by business, occupy hims elf solely in being civil to all the world.For, though elated by his rank, it did not render him supercilious; on the contrary, he was all attention to everybody. By nature inoffensive, friendly, and obliging, his presentation at St. James's had made him courteous. (5. 1) First we go swimmingly along, as Sir William is shown to be a well-off guy who even gets to make a speech in front of the king. Then, though, check out the long third sentence, as the narrator asterfully goes from Sir William's point of view (he now finds actually working for a living â€Å"disgusting† and moves to a house in the country) to an outside perspective on Sir William's growing egotism (all he does now is â€Å"think with pleasure of his own importance†), and then, finally, rounds it off with an amazing judgment on the way climbing the social ladder creates a useless man out of an industrious one (Sir William is free from the â€Å"shackles† of his work and now just spends his time b eing â€Å"civil†).Funny – but we're not done yet. The problem isn't really just that Sir William himself has become totally purposeless ever since getting his knighthood and becoming too high class for his business. The narrator next expands the issue further, pointing to the culture at large, which is more than happy to go along with Sir William and his new attitude.Check out how, because he's all fancy and titled, in the eyes of his neighbors he gets a fancier adjective to describe his behavior (instead of simply â€Å"friendly† he's become â€Å"courteous,† which also carries the pun of â€Å"court† (as in royal court) inside it – the place where Sir William has picked up his new status). By the ‘two themes' I assume you mean pride as one theme and prejudice as the other? Because there are many, many more themes to the text than that: don't be led astray into thinking they're the only ones (or the most important; the novel's title is somewhat arbitrary).One of my personal favourite ways Austen plays with language in P&P is how, once married, Charlotte Lucas is often lumped into conversation as if she is property and little more than an animal (the quote that comes to mind is something about Lady Lucas enquiring of the ‘welfare and poultry of her eldest daughter' after the visit to Rosings — apologies I don't have to text to hand to find the exact quote). If you're looking for Irony, look carefully at practically anything Elizabeth says, particularly in conversations with her mother.Elizabeth says an awful lot in jest, where as her mother is very literal and very closed-minded. In fact, any exchange that involves Mrs Bennet tends to include some irony as she never realises she is being laughed at. Take a story's temperature by studying its tone. Is it hopeful? Cynical? Snarky? Playful? Ironic, arch, wry, full of witticisms and bon-mots, arm's length Reading this novel is kind of like having a conv ersation with someone who says snarky things in a deadpan voice while onstantly raising her eyebrow. You know what we mean? Austen is just so clearly amused by her characters and their nonsense and also totally committed to discretely pointing out their foibles. It's not that she hates them or is disinterested or anything, but her narrator definitely keeps a distance and functions as an observer who is always elbowing the reader to look at the next funny thing. Check out this description of the aftermath of Mr. Collins proposing to Charlotte: In as short a time as Mr.Collins's long speeches would allow, everything was settled between them to the satisfaction of both; and as they entered the house he earnestly entreated her to name the day that was to make him the happiest of men; and though such a solicitation must be waived for the present, the lady felt no inclination to trifle with his happiness. The stupidity with which he was favoured by nature must guard his courtship from any charm that could make a woman wish for its continuance; and Miss Lucas, who accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment, cared not how soon that establishment were gained. 22. 2) Both Charlotte and Mr. Collins are clearly mocked here, although, obviously, Mr. Collins is a much easier and bigger target. Look at the different ways the mockery works, though. First, we've got the overhead view, meaning the narrator takes in the scene and shows us the ridiculous in all its glory: it's funny to try to picture just how not â€Å"short† Mr. Collins's â€Å"long speech† would be. There's also that great joke in the idea that the proposal is â€Å"settled to the satisfaction of both† (because the satisfaction is kind of pragmatic since Charlotte is Mr.Collins's third choice and he is her choice only because he's got a job and a house and it beats living at mom and dad's). Next, we get to laugh at Mr. Collins more from Charlotte's point of view. Even though they aren't in quotes, the words about his â€Å"stupidity† and the lack of â€Å"charm† in his â€Å"courtship† are clearly her thoughts as he goes on and on in his pompous way. Finally, we circle back around to the narrator mocking the characters again, as we check out how Charlotte is going to deal with the fact that she can see how lame Mr. Collins is. Answer: she's going to wait as long as possible to actually get married. ) What’s Up With the Title? You know what's funny about this title? Well, you know how nowadays, the book jackets for novels written by the same author are usually really similar – same font, same general layout, and so on? (Think about those endless  John Grisham novels. ) That's because publishers are going for an if-you-liked-that-you'll-also-love-this approach. Pride and Prejudice  is basically the result of the same kind of thing, turn of the 19th century-style.Originally, the novel was going to be calledFirst Impressions, but after Austen hit the big time with the blockbuster sales of  Sense and Sensibility, her publisher asked if they could try for a little branding magic by sticking to the same title formula: noun-and-noun. This is all well and good, and sure enough, this new novel went over like gangbusters. Does anything change, though, about how we might see the novel when we go from the first title to the second? Well, with  First Impressions, readers are right off the bat being shown things from the characters' point of view.After all, it's Darcy and Elizabeth that are going be to be making and having these impressions, and, this title suggests, we're going to experience these impressions right alongside them. Also, think about what first impressions are all about – people interacting with each other. A novel called  First Impressions  puts the idea of people meeting with and reacting to other people front and center. The focus is on manners, behavio r, and outward appearance. Not to mention, oftentimes first impression are wrong. On the other hand,  Pride and Prejudice  turns the thing around 180 degrees.With a title like that, we're no longer looking at things through the characters' eyes. Instead, the title sounds like someone is being called names – and it's up to the reader to try to figure out who is who. The reader isn't buddy-buddy with the characters any more, but is instead totally supposed to be all judgy and superior from the get-go. With  Pride and Prejudice  as the title, our novel BFFs aren't Darcy or Elizabeth at all. Instead, our main pal is the narrator, who knows ahead of time that someone's full of pride and someone else is probably full of prejudice.Also, we've now moved into some deep psychological territory here. Feeling prideful and being prejudicial are things we do in the privacy of our thoughts, not things we wear on our sleeve. A novel named in this way makes readers immediately get rea dy for being all up in the characters thoughts, seeing how they make decisions and what their value systems are all about. Which title do you prefer? Why? ————————————————- Style Pride and Prejudice, like most of Jane Austen's works, employs the narrative technique of  free indirect speech.This has been defined as â€Å"the free representation of a character's speech, by which one means, not words actually spoken by a character, but the words that typify the character's thoughts, or the way the character would think or speak, if she thought or spoke†. [8]  By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character (in this case, that of Elizabeth), Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth's viewpoint, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions. The learning curve, while undergone by both protagonists, is disclosed to us so lely through Elizabeth's point of view and her free indirect speech is essential  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ for it is through it that we remain caught, if not stuck, within Elizabeth's misprisions. â€Å". [8] Clear, Witty, Sarcastic In this dialogue-driven novel, wit and sarcasm predominate the text. Pride and Prejudice is often an exercise in reading between the lines, as Austen’s characters must almost always use polite language to mask their true intentions. The greatest exception is, of course, when Elizabeth chews Darcy out after his proposal. ) We’ll offer two examples up for you. Mr. Bennet’s response to his wife after she subjects him to a play-by-play of Mr. Bingley’s actions at the ball: â€Å"If he had had any compassion for me,† cried her husband impatiently, â€Å"he would not have danced half so much! For God's sake, say no more of his partners. O that he had sprained his ankle in the first place! † Mr. Bennet clearly doesn’t mean the se things. What he’s really saying is that he wishes his wife would spare him the details.The following snippet of conversation between  Lady Catherine  and Elizabeth takes place at the end of a long interrogation from Lady Catherine. â€Å"‘Upon my word,’ said her ladyship, ‘you give your opinion very decidedly for so young a person. Pray, what is your age? ’ ‘With three younger sisters grown up,’ replied Elizabeth, smiling, ‘your ladyship can hardly expect me to own it. ’ Lady Catherine seemed quite astonished at not receiving a direct answer; and Elizabeth suspected herself to be the first creature who had ever dared to trifle with so much dignified impertinence. See what we mean? Elizabeth dodges Lady Catherine’s question, but does so in the politest way possible. We call it†¦polite resistance, and it requires a great deal of quick thinking. STYLE Jane Austen's graceful, economical narrative style was un ique in her time. It was an era in literature given to flowery wordiness and emotional excess. Readers of the day could take their choice among collections of sermons to improve their minds, tales of sin and punishment to improve their morals, and horror stories to stimulate their circulation.Pride and Prejudice is told in a readable prose without a single superfluous word, and it frequently breaks into dialogue so lively and so revealing of characters that entire scenes have been lifted bodily from the novel and reproduced in dramatized versions for stage and screen. In some passages the author enters into the mind of one or another of her characters, most often into her heroine Elizabeth's, and there she reveals her character's capacity for humor and self-criticism. Austen's style is so deceptively lucid that we can hardly believe she submitted her writing to so much polishing and revision. | POINT OF VIEW Pride and Prejudice is mostly written from the objective view of an externa l observer. However, from time to time the novel departs from this objective storytelling approach to explore the thoughts and feelings of a character-either Darcy as he slips little by little into love with Elizabeth, or Elizabeth as she considers her own behavior and the behavior of others. Whatever the approach whether through Elizabeth's mind or through the voice of a narrator, the point of view is always and unmistakably Jane Austen's.It is always her sharply critical eye, youthful though it was when she wrote the novel, that observes and subtly comments on her society's follies and foibles, making us laugh but also making us aware. When we finish her book we know very well the defects she saw in the people of her world, but we also know how much she enjoyed her life among them, faults and all. FORM AND STRUCTURE Like her writing style, the structure of Jane Austen's novel is deceptively simple. She appears to be telling a straightforward story, character by character and happe ning by happening, exactly as it occurred in chronological sequence.We can in fact read the novel that way. But on closer look we find that Pride and Prejudice is not merely a record of events. Instead, it is an interweaving of plot and subplots, an intricate pattern with various threads. The main plot follows the far from smooth course of the romance between Elizabeth and Darcy and the conflict of his pride and her prejudice. Their feelings, born of first impressions, are not the only obstacles between them. Three subplots complicate their relationship. The first is Bingley's attraction to Jane Bennet and Darcy's intervention to save his friend from what he sees as an undesirable marriage.The second is Wickham's involvement with the Darcy family, and his ability to charm Elizabeth and deepen her prejudice against Darcy. The third is Charlotte Lucas' marriage to Mr. Collins, which throws Elizabeth and Darcy together and sharpens their differences. Elizabeth ends up rejecting Darcy i n what we come to see as the first dramatic climax of the story. The Wickham subplot brings on the second dramatic climax: his elopement with Lydia and the scandal and probable ruin of the entire Bennet family. Austen maintains an air of suspense to the very end. She also keeps her three subplots alive with a novelist's juggling skill.In the end, all three subplots contribute to the resolution of the principal plot, and the hero and heroine come together in happiness at last Writing Style: In Pride and Prejudice there is very little focus on natural surroundings such as trees, bushes, flowers, or descriptions of the weather. Rarely does Austen describe character’s psychological states, instead this aspect of the characters is revealed through dialogue. The unnaturally flowery language in Pride and Prejudice may be seen by modern audiences as â€Å"cold† or â€Å"sterile,† but it is this use of language that helps to develop the characters and themes.Exaggeration and hyperboles (in a melodramatic form) are also common writing styles of Austen. In terms of style conventions, the usage of â€Å"Miss† and â€Å"Mr. † in Pride and Prejudice makes it at times unclear which character is talking, and therefore at times very confusing to follow the story. The frequent dialogue between characters also makes it difficult to distinguish which character is speaking. A number of plot points are also advanced in Pride and Prejudice through the writing of letters between essential characters, which tend to be some sort of monologue regarding a possible theme or conflict in the story.

Case Study on Calculous Cholecystitis Essay

I.Introduction A. Concepts in nutrition, medical nutrition therapy, and organ systems concerned Nutrition is the study of food in relation to health. The Food and Nutrition Council of the American Medical Association defined nutrition as the â€Å"science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease, and the processes by which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excrete food substances.† Nutrition is also concerned with the physiologic needs of the body in terms of specific nutrients, the means of supplying these nutrients through adequate diets, and the effects of failure to meet nutrient needs. In this similar viewpoint, nutrition is also concerned with the social, economic, cultural, and psychological implications of food and eating. Nutrition follows the four basics concepts, namely: 1.) Adequate nutrition is essential for health. 2.) Food items are classified according to content in terms of majority of nutrients, broadly classified as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water and are needed daily in the diet of humans. 3.) An adequate diet is the foundation of good nutrition, and it should consist of a wide variety of natural foods. 4.) Nutrients should be provided preformed in food, whereas a few may be synthesized within the body. 5.) Nutrients are interrelated and there should be metabolic balance in the body. 6.) The body constituents are in a dynamic state of equilibrium. 7.) Human requirements for certain nutrients are known quantitatively within certain limits. 8.) The effects of nutritional inadequacy are more than physical; behavioral patterns and mental performance are also compromised, and; 10.) Proper education, technical expertise in addition to the use of all resources available in the practice of nutrition will help upgrade the nutritional status of people. (Lagua, Claudio and Ruiz, 2004) Race has been a predisposing factor in developing gallstones. Westerners usually develop cholesterol stones, while Asians tend to have pigment or mixed stones. There has been an increasing prevalence of calculous cholecystitis in the Philippines. Whatever the type, size or origin of these stones, they can present with a variety of signs and symptoms. Stones develop in a sluggish, diseased gallbladder. Formation of stones may be due to infection, stagnation of the bile or changes in the chemical composition of the bile, overeating or poor eating habits. Obesity is highly associated with prevalence of gallstones. Prevalence increases with age, history of diabetes mellitus and elevated serum triglycerides ( Lagua, Claudio, 2011) The gallbladder may contain one large stone or many small ones. Infection accompanied by formation of gallstones is referred as calculous cholecystitis. Often times, people with gallstones must have their gallbladder removed through a process called cholecystectomy. Transition diets are given accordingly after surgery and if the patient advances to an oral diet post-surgery, intake of fat is allowed as tolerated. As an accessory organ, the gallbladder is fairly easy to live without. Once it is removed, bile travels from the liver directly into the small intestine. B. IMPORTANCE/ SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Disorder of the accessory organs present a significant impact on the absorption and nutritional status of an individual. Failure to give immediate treatment could bring about complications which are more difficult to manage. These complications may or may not possibly lead to death of an individual. This study was conducted to enable the students to practice his/ her skills on Diet Therapy I. It may help the students to understand better the disease condition, the actions and interactions of food and medications to the body and the rationale for the diet prescription for the case patient. Moreover, it would help the students, as well as the readers to draft a nutritional care plan for patients with calculous cholecystitis upon acquiring information about the disease through data collection. C. Objectives (General and Specific) The study generally aims to analyze, assess and give proper recommendations to a patient diagnosed with calculous cholecystitis. This study was also conducted to allow students to apply the knowledge gained in the lecture and laboratory class of Diet Therapy I. The study specifically aims to: 1) Gather all the necessary information from the patient’s medical records and the interview 2) Assess the patient’s nutritional status and disease condition base from the information obtained 3) Know the causes, signs and symptoms of the disease condition and its complications 4) Determine and relate the factors and causality for the formation of the patient’s disease 5) Interpret and relate the findings to the patient’s disease condition 6) Formulate a nutritional care plan for the patient 7) Provide a diet prescription appropriate for the condition of the patient 8) Provide short and long term intervention for the patient and other recommendation that could help the prevent disease condition of the patient. D. Limitations of the Study The case study is only limited to the disease condition of the patient with calculous cholecystitis and its possible complications if not given immediate intervention. Due to time constraints, the attending physician and nurse were not interviewed for further understanding of the disease. There was also no diet prescription written on the patient’s medical chart, thus, the hospital’s cycle menu was used as a basis for some computations and analysis. II. Methodology Students of Diet Therapy I were grouped into pairs and were asked to get a patient for the case study. Approved letters provided by instructors of Diet Therapy II, requesting for a case patient with infections, burns, surgery, allergies and diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract were personally submitted to different hospitals in Laguna. Laguna Provincial Hospital in Sta. Cruz Laguna accommodated the request, with the approval of the medical director and assistance of the attending physician, nurse and head nutritionist-dietitian. In the nurses’ station, the necessary information was gathered on the selected case patient and the medical records were copied as data for the study. An interview with the case patient followed afterwards. The patient, together with her aunt, was interviewed to collect necessary data such as personal information, nutritional and dietary history and the 24hr. food recall. Before the said interview, a questionnaire was formulated to systematically and completely obtain all the essential information for a better further analysis. Questions include the 24-hour food recall of the patient food intake (prior to admission and during confinement), personal data, signs and symptoms experienced, patient’s tolerance and acceptance to the food given in the hospital, and some other information that would be beneficial to the study. After data gathering, the case was analyzed and a case study was then formulated. This was done through evaluation of the disease condition of the patient and correlating the symptoms experienced by the patient with the clinical manifestation of the disease. The dietary and the medical intervention given to the patient were also analyzed. This included correlating the principle and rationale of the diet with the patients’ actual illness. The possible nutrient-drug interaction that can happen due to the prescribed medication to the patient was also analyzed. The result of the laboratory and biochemical findings of the patient was also interpreted. After this, the diet of the patient PTA and DC were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The diet was evaluated quantitatively by computing the CPF of the patient’s food intake and computing the adequacy of that diet. Qualitative evaluation, on the other hand, was used using RDA. After analyzing the recommendations given to the patient, short-term and long-term diet plan was prepared for the patient. In computing the desirable body weight (DBW), the Tanhausser’s Method. The WHO standards for body mass index served as the basis in determining whether the client’s nutritional status. Method I was used to determine the patient’s total energy requirement (TER) for long term intervention and the carbohydrates-protein-fat distribution was distributed using the non-protein calorie method. III. Theoretical Considerations A. Disease Condition Calculous cholecystitis or cholecystolithiasis, is caused by the precipitation of the substances contained in the bile, mainly cholesterol and bilirubin with accompanying inflammation. The bile is consisted of bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, lecithin, fatty acids, electrolytes and water usually found in the plasma. The cholesterol formed in the bile has no function; it is only a by-product of bile salt formation and the presence is only linked in the excretion of bile. Cholesterol is normally insoluble in water and this is where lecithin and bile salts combine with it to form micelles. Inside the gallbladder, water and electrolytes are absorbed in the liver bile, causing it to be more concentrated. Lecithin and bile salts are not absorbed in the gallbladder, their concentrations increases alongside cholesterol’s. This is the mechanism of maintaining the solubility of cholesterol. B. Definitions and Classifications Cholecystitis – inflammation of the gallbladder. There has been an association of cholecystitis with cholelithiasis. There is almost always a close association with complete or partial obstruction of the stones formed inside the gallbladder. Cholelithiasis – gallstones that precipitated from bile, cholesterol or bilirubin due to impaired gallbladder function or excessive production of by-products from fat digestion. C. Etiology Gallstone formation is due to bile salt, pigments and cholesterol salt accumulation. The stones rub off on the walls of the gallbladder, causing pain and inflammation in the subsequent internal structures. There is also a link between elevated or abnormal estrogen levels with gallstone formation. D. Incidence/ Prevalence There is a 10% incidence of adults getting gallstones. Approximately, there are twice as many women who develop this disease and it increases with age: after 60 years old, there is a 10-15% prevalence in men while a 20-40% prevalence in women was noted. E. Pathology Gallstones obstruct bile flow and causes reflux and subsequent inflammation in the gallbladder. The inflammation is caused by chemical irritation from the concentrated bile, along with the swelling of the mucosal area and ischemia from venous congestion and stasis. Bacterial infections may be a complication and this could account for the infection and could reach the adjacent gallbladder through the circulation. Staphylococci and enterococci are the most common pathogens. Perforation of the gallbladder could lead to gangrene. F. Clinical Manifestations and Underlying Mechanisms Pain is evident in early cholecystolithiasis. There is similarity in the pain experienced with biliary colic and is usually felt after a fatty meal. Pain is experienced in the right upper quadrant and there is spasm in the right, subcostal region. There is elevation in total serum bilirubin, amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase. G. Prognosis After cholecystectomy, patients can return to work in a span of 1-6 weeks. IV. The Patient A. Personal Data The patient is Chastine Salazar, 28 years old, female admitted on January 3, 2013 at Laguna Provincial Hospital in Sta Cruz, Laguna. Her physician is Dr. Flores. B. Socio-Economic History The patient works as a registrar in the Head Office of AMA in Quezon City, Philippines. Due to her sedentary lifestyle, she and her husband jogs for 2 hours every weekend. Her middle-class income allows her to select food items of higher market value, thus chocolate is always present after every meal. The patient does not smoke nor drink but based on the interview, it was found out that she uses laxatives due to constipation problems. C. Present illness and chief complaint Patient has cholecystolithiasis with cholecystectomy as the surgical procedure of which 8 marble-sized gallstones were removed. Pain and vomiting was experienced by the patient and was immediately rushed to the hospital on January 3, 2013. D. Past Illnesses and surgery, allergies, hospitalization There were no family history of predisposing risk factors to cholecystolithiasis but it was found out from the interview that the patient has allergic reaction to sea foods and patient has allergic rhinitis of which she has treated before with steroids. E. Physical State of Health Patient has allergy to sea foods and has allergic rhinitis. Patient also has constipation of which she self-medicates with laxatives. G. Nutritional and Dietary History It was observed from the 24-hr food recall that the patient has frequent consumption of chocolates and carbonated beverages. There was also a high intake of fatty and fried food and dishes every day. Snacking patterns are also noted as the patient tends to overeat every 3 hours.